Should Cyberbullying Be a Crime Essay examples - 1208 Words

‘Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me’ (The Christian Recorder). This is the infamous saying that many have heard since they were young. With vastly growing technology today, face to face bullying is being replaced with what is known as ‘cyberbullying’. Cyberbullying is defined as, â€Å"an aggressive intentional act carried out by a group or individual using electronic forms of contact repeatedly and over against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself† (WebMD). It can take place using cell phones, computers, tablets, social media sites, text messaging, and/or chat rooms. Cyberbullying has become a growing awareness nationwide, prompting lawmakers to act and propose new laws making cyberbullying a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Several states across the United States have been continuously adding cyberbullying on top of harassment laws that have already been in place† (National Conference of State Le gislatures). The crackdown on cyberbullying has become a big priority for many lawmakers nationwide. New laws will give power to school officials and prosecutors to make decisions based on the severity of the situation. A school official will have the ability to suspend or expel the bully, while a prosecutor will have the ability to fine the bully and/or up to one year of imprisonment. In the state of Maryland as of October 1, 2013, ‘Grace’s Law’, was passed. This law states that, â€Å"It prohibits a person from using an â€Å"interactive computer service to maliciously engage in a course of conduct that inflicts serious emotional distress on a minor or places a minor in a reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury. Violators who are guilty of a misdemeanor are punishable by imprisonment for up to one year and/or $500 maximum fine† (General Assembly of Maryland). ‘Grace’s Law’ was proposed after 15 year old Grace McComas comm itted suicide in April of 2012, after relentlessly being cyber bullied over Twitter, Facebook, and Email. Seeing cyberbullying laws being passed by states makes it more comforting for victims of cyberbullying because he/she knows that their bully will one day be held liable for their vile behaviors.Show MoreRelatedThe Issue of Cyberbullying1694 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Should cyberbullying be considered a crime? What are the punishments for cyberbullying? What kinds of behaviors are categorized as cyberbullying? This paper reviews those issues and provides supporting literature. Thesis: Cyberbullying has become far more than a nuisance and a distraction in public schools and hence strict rules should be enacted to deter cyberbullying. When a state legislature passes a criminal law in order to dissuade students from cyberbullying and it passes throughRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Crime Persuasive Speech937 Words   |  4 PagesCyberbullying is a Crime-Persuasive Speech â€Å"95% of all teens, ages 12 through 17 are now online...† (Meier). The internet is now a prominent part of the 21st Century society. We are able to communicate with practically anyone, anywhere, instantly, regardless of the distance between us. Electronics and the internet are fast becoming a vital part of our daily lives and this can make them more susceptible to misuse. By using technology, people can communicate anything they want with very few possibleRead MoreThe Problem of Cyber Bullying1323 Words   |  6 Pagesharassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another teenager using the internet, other technologies, or mobile phones† (â€Å"what is cyberbullying?†). Cyberbullying can range from one extreme to another. Some teens think death is the answer, others ignore the cyberbullying and create groups to prevent it for happening to others. In addition to cyberbullying causing different reactions in teenagers, there are also many different ways the teen them self, their parent, and a witness of the cyberRead MoreComputer Fraud And Abuse Act ( Cfaa ) And Cyberbullying Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Jessep Intellectual Property Crimes Professors Dreyfuss and First November 15, 2016 INCOMPATIBLE: The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and Cyberbullying I. Introduction The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) does not cover cyberbullying done via social networking websites and should not be used to prosecute it. Application of the CFAA to cyberbullying prosecutions is inconsistent with the intended scope of the statute and the existing interpretations of its provisions. PracticallyRead MoreAs Of Now There Is No Federal Statute That Is Against Cyberbullying1200 Words   |  5 PagesAs of now there is no federal statute that is against cyberbullying (Strictkland, 2010). In 2009, there was a bill that was introduced to be an add on to the Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act. The bill states that it would be within violation of the law if an individual were to transmit in interstate or foreign commerce any communication, with the intent to coerce, intimidate, harass, or cause substantial emotional distress to a person, using electronic means to support severe, repeated, andRead MoreCyberbullying : A New Source Of Communication And Socializing Fo r Young People Today1379 Words   |  6 Pagesevery teenager has a social network account, and uses it at least once a day. The problem that Internet has brought is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying has badly affected many people and taken some lives. Action should be taken in order to address this issue. The bullies should get some type of punishment no matter what age they are and the victim should be offered help. Cyberbullying is known as bullying with words, pictures, video, or anything that people do through the Internet. The Merriam WebsterRead MoreThe Invisible Bully: Cyberbullying941 Words   |  4 PagesLife should be the creation of beauty, happiness, and sincerity, however, our generation has allowed these values to decrease through the form of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is when someone uses technology to threaten, harass, embarrass, or target another person publicly (New, 2012). The technologies that are starting to be used are no longer just computer, however, has expanded to phones, tablets, and even game systems (New, 2012). By definition, cyberbullying is used to describe the misuse ofRead MoreCyberbullying : What Teachers And Schools Can Do From The Scholastic Inc.1140 Words   |  5 Pagesofficial states in her article Cyberbullying: What teachers and schools can do from the Scholastic Inc. in 2014, â€Å"42% of kids have been bullied online—1 in 4 have had it hap pen more than once†. Central Idea: Cyberbullying must be stopped, cyberbullies are using sites like Facebook and text messaging to bully their victims. According to cyberbullying statistics in their article Bullying Statistics in 2013 states around half of all teens have been victims to cyberbullying, the person sitting next to youRead MoreA New Form of Bullying: Cyberbullying1259 Words   |  5 Pagesin person; but, in this generation, cyberbullying is a new form of harassment that goes beyond the schoolyard. This way, individuals can be bullied all day and any day, but when you ask teens today, 81% of them think it is funny. (NPC) This shows that most teens do not think of cyberbullying as much of a threat, even though the rate in has gone up. In 2008–2009, the School Crime Supplement indicates that 6% of students in grades 6–12 experienced cyberbullying. (Stop Bullying) Six percent of theRead MoreCyberbullying : A Problem Of Today s Society1087 Words   |  5 PagesCyberbullying Cyberbullying is a major problem in today’s society. The recent increase in cyberbullying has become so serious; it has become a priority for many citizens to become involved in identifying risk factors and providing the necessary help. Cyberbullying is when people, specifically children, are targeted and harassed through social media and technology. Cyberbullying can happen anytime, day or night, and reach a person even when he or she is alone. â€Å"Messages and images can be posted anonymously

Psychology - 1586 Words

Section One – 1 When psychology first began to become a science in 1860, it was more of a field of philosophy than an actual medical study. It dealt with a more abstract concept than other medical fields; the human body is something concrete that you can physically look at and study whereas, at the time, you could not physically see the mind. In Ancient Greece thinkers such as Aristotle and Plato could only come up with theories as to how the mind works. Plato believed that some knowledge is innate while Aristotle believed that the ability to learn depended on experience, however neither were able to prove their theories with concrete evidence. As time went on and psychology became more widely known, more theoretical approaches to†¦show more content†¦The lack of acquisition could lead to the extinction of the conditioned response. It is also possible for the conditioned response to become extinct but the little girl may one day spontaneously recover her fear of s piders. It is also possible that she could develop a fear of all spiders or possibly all insects as she generalizes her fear. Or she could only develop a fear of tarantulas specifically, which would be stimuli discrimination. Section Five – 10 Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus causes a response when paired with a stimulus that naturally cases a response. Operant conditioning is a type of learning where the consequences of a behavior determine if that action will be repeated. Both classical conditioning and operant condition have stimuli that enforces a behavior, yet the main difference is that in classical condition the learning is not up to the individual but in operant condition the learned behavior is in the hands of the individual. Ivan Pavlov was the main contributor to classical conditioning. While studying the amount of saliva dogs had to certain foods, he noticed that the dogs would salivate while in the harness in anticipation for the food. He then conducted an experiment where he used a bell as he gave the dogs their food and he conditioned them to salivate when hearing the bell. The only limitation to classicalShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology162 7 Words   |  7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a germanRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology889 Words   |  4 PagesOne: Psychology Defined Psychology is an exceptionally multifaceted field of study, regardless, it can be commonly defined as the study of mental processes and human behavior. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and control the behavior of others. Psychology incorporates an extensive range of different perspectives into its general principles as well as focuses on securing them with applied research, case studies, evaluations, etc. I first became interested in psychology whenRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof psychology is common to talk about the psychological schools, as these are defined as groups of psychologists who shared a theoretical view and focused psychological problems with a common orientation; these have evolved over time. Psychology was first established as a separate science of biology and philosophy, that s when the real debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began start, different psychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. TheRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology892 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you first think of the word psychology, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Well, some people might say they don’t know or some would say it’s something that has to do with the mind and/or human behavior. Psychology which comes from the Greek term â€Å"psyche† is the study of mental processes and behavior; especially those affecting behavior in a given context. There are several schools of thought in psychology. These schools include: structuralism (Wundt), functionalism (James), gestaltRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1267 Words   |  6 PagesPaper What is psychology? What impact does psychology have on the world? What does it mean to be a psychologist? These are three important questions that will be investigated throughout this paper. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Psychology influences many behaviors in the world without anyone noticing. Watson is interested in behaviorism. This means he was interested in the behavior of people and how they act and react. Through his article, Psychology as the BehavioristRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology850 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology to me is meant to help people understand the complexity of other human beings. We have established the existence of many disorders which are mainly beyond the control of people because of chemical imbalances in the brain. Although with these reasons, we still have attached negative and positive connotations to many disorders. We have created this concept of psychology in order to help us try to find some sense of order in our lives. This can allow us to try rank ourselves next to anotherRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1703 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has a lot of jobs to choose from.Any job in psychology is going to be involved helping people. Trying to find out why people do the things they do and trying to predi ct the behavior of people, their emotions, and mental processes. Making sure your child or any person you care about is okay mentally, is important and is the job of people who work in a major in psychology. For this paper, the roles of a psychiatrist, a counselor, and a psychologist will be discussed. The audience will learnRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn Psychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. The following is my explanation of the terms and comparisons between the psychodynamic and behavioral aspects relating to the OctoberRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology Essay2200 Words   |  9 PagesHow is ps ychology defined today? How did psychology start out being defined originally? Humans have always been interested in understanding their own body, especially the brain itself. Some of the first people to explore psychology were Aristotle and Socrates, (even though some of the things they thought were wrong) of course at the time they did not know what exactly they were studying. https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/intr

A Book Review on “The Wisdom of Confucius” Free Essays

† When you see a good man, try to emulate his example, and when you see a bad man, search yourself for his faults. † That quote is one of the many morals stated by the ancient Chinese philosopher, Confucius, which we still live by today. The Wisdom of Confucius, edited and translated by Lin Yutang, takes the best things said and said about Confucius and put them into one three hundred page book. We will write a custom essay sample on A Book Review on â€Å"The Wisdom of Confucius† or any similar topic only for you Order Now It follows his life, from his lowly birth in the small town of Tsou, to his death as one of the world†s greatest philosophers. The book also shows his ideas and beliefs on such subjects as education, politics, and music, subjects still evident in modern day society. The book is mainly comprised of sections and chapters taken from ancient Chinese literature and translated into English by Yutang. He has also added his own commentary and a very lengthy introduction. Some of the books that Yutang used were: The Analects, written by one of Confucius† disciples Mencius, Spring and Autumn, written by Confucius himself, and The Book of Songs, which includes over three hundred Chinese songs and anthems edited by Confucius. Confucius was born in the small town of Tsou, Lu in 551 BC. His real name was Ch†iu K†ung. Ch†iu literally meant â€Å"hill†, and he was named this because he was born with a large bump on his head. The name Confucius means â€Å"K†ung the master. † When he was a young boy, Confucius† father and mother died and were buried together at Fangshan, a town in eastern Lu. While he was still grieving a corrupt official told Confucius that the baron of his city was giving a banquet for all of the scholars and he as not invited. This upset Confucius greatly so he left Lu. On his deathbed , the baron of Lu, Li Meng, told his son, Yi Meng, that Confucius was the descendant of a great nobleman. He also told him that Confucius would grow up to be a great philosopher, and Confucius returned to his home country of Lu, and more and more disciples came to study under him. He never stayed in the same spot for a long time. He would travel from place to place in China for long periods of time. The books calls these times as â€Å"periods of wanderings. It was during these periods of wanderings that the books were written that recorded his sayings and teachings to his disciples. These books are what has made him one of the most famous philosophers. The book does not go into any detail about where he went or what he was doing during the periods of wanderings. It only talks about what was going on in China at that period of time. The rest of the book has Confucius opinions and sayings on certain subjects. It is mostly â€Å"Confucius said this, and Confucius said that. There were a lot of interesting uotes in this part of the book, but it was extremely hard to read without falling asleep. On the subject of education, Confucius said â€Å"Forever occupy your thoughts with education. † He is telling the reader that you should always think about learning something new. You should be open to learning something from anyone you meet, no matter how old or smart you think you are. He also said â€Å"Teaching is half learning. † This means that the person who is teaching is also learning from their students. When asked the question â€Å"What do you think of repaying evil with kindness? Confucius replied â€Å"Then what are you going to repay kindness with? Repay kindness with kindness, but repay evil with justice. † Confucius† main teaching subject was gentlemen like conduct. He believed the best way to live you life was being kind . I thought this book was very hard to read. The beginning was alright when it was talking about his life, but when it got to his quotes it got tiring to read the same thing over and over. It would be a good book to read if you wanted to find a quote to make yourself sound cool in conversation or to do a report on philosophy. How to cite A Book Review on â€Å"The Wisdom of Confucius†, Papers

Organizational Change Management Organization Development Interventi

Question: Describe about the Organizational Change Management for Organization Development Intervention. Answer: Introduction: Organizational change management indicates to the modifications that occur in a company when the company needs changes in terms of its finance or revenue, structure or operational processes. Organizational change cannot be a regular or a process for a certain time period rather an uncertain period of time whether prolonged or short (Benn, Dunphy, and Griffiths 2013). However, theoretically organizational change draws from the sociological, managerial, or most importantly psychological field. Organizational change theistically is, as Paul J. Kohtes mentions, Each company or organisation is a vital organism with a heart, soul and identity all of its own. It can be shaped and modified, but cannot be bent without causing damage. At its most effective, change management draws life from the authentic values at the core of the company and its leadership. (Tang 2010). Nevertheless, organizational change includes a number of change drivers as agents of the modifications on which the successfu l implementation of the changes are dependant. Such drivers include economic conditions, consumer demands (creating or increasing), policies (organizational or governmental), environment, economics etc. The following essay though a number of systematic stages tends to identify the problems and needs of an organizational change in the South Australia University and serially analyzing the theories and methods tends to identify the ways in which organizational change can be applied to bring a holistic change in the academic and economic growth of the university. Case background: The following case concerns with the academic and structural growth as well as a lack of revenue generating in South Australia University. The economics, accounts and finance, and Management studies departments were merged in order to create a whole school. However, the school was established with a small financial deficit which with time increased to $200k with the economics department having an annual deficit of $750k.with a minute analysis the results that has come out is that every department have some problems prolonged or little. However, at the administrative ground there have been many deficits. The earlier management style has been much inappropriate and inconsistent in terms of running an entire business school. The only management was to relate with the three departmental heads on a one-to-one basis. Moreover, the only business school administrative committee the University has at present times is the learning and teaching committee. However, the schools review of the univ ersity on grounds of quality and teaching, as has been rated six months ago, is below average. Analysis: However, subjecting the problems to minute analysis it has been found that first and most importantly the teams in spite of being a University as a whole does not work in coordination with the other teams. That leads to a problem of communication and collaboration in the atmosphere. However, there have been problems in individual departments as well. The problems need to be analyzed and examined minutely to come to a conclusive result in order to develop sustainable change in the university in terms of revenue and academic as well as structural growth. Problem Identification: The problems are needed to be identified individually in each department in terms of general overview, teaching and research. However, the problem of collaborating or communicating is acute in the department of Economics. The department has an unrealistically high opinion about themselves. This has prevented them further from involving into any of the other departments activity which would have been important in the academic growth of the University. Many of the distinguished scholars have already left the department which can be termed as another problem rather deficit on grounds of experience. Moreover, the teachers, leaving two, have failed to come up with any significant research publish. The teachers are more committed towards teaching a small group, though their part of contribution in improving teaching quality and students support has been nil. The Accounting and Finance and Management studies department contains comparatively mild problems and a moderate approach towards improving the teaching quality and students support. Collaboration and communication have been some of them. However, the department of Accounting and finance puts more focus on the research than the learning experience. That might be termed as a problem in terms of priority. The department of Management studies nevertheless, have followed a much consistent approach towards growth and only problem can be bring out from the department is the lack of creativity and initiatives for further development of the students. Eventually this has been a common problem to all the departments, which has seemed to stunt the growth of the academic quality. Administrative grounds have been in much problem too. It is still this present day that the academic departments have to do much administrative work for the only administrative department is the learning and teaching committee. The lack of capable support staff has been ignored over the time. Creativity has been a regular problem in terms of the learning outcomes as well. Problem Analysis and Justification: The academic problem has been evidently acute in the department of Economics. The teachers have been committed to teaching a small group which cannot not be conductive of a good learning atmosphere for a University must consist of a number of students. Therefore, if the number of students is increased which will be important in terms of growth academically and economically the departments quality of education and teaching might get even low. That will disrupt the growth of the institution (Blackmore and Sachs 2012). At the same time the mentality of the teachers will prove to be preventing them for collaborating and associating with the other departments. That might stunt the creativity and holistic growth of the institution. Since, the teachers are highly opinionated about themselves any change to the department, be it for the growth of the University, might face protest or non cooperation from their end (Vakola, Armenakis and Oreg 2013). In a University comprising of three differen t department non cooperation from any department can be expensive in terms of change, however growth it may ensure. At the same time the department lacks productivity in terms of research and publishing it as well. Since the department has already lost the experience and more qualified senior teachers, the department lacks the guidance and suggestions of experience which is further affecting the fruitful results of the department. The rate of enrolling students therefore has gone down in the last three years; starting from 15 to 9 ending in 8 in the last year. The decreasing number of students might affect the teachers positivity as well. The departments of Accounting and Finance and Management Studies have comparatively moderate problems and can be changed. The departments contain good teaching quality and research outcomes. The only problem the Accounting and Finance department has is that the Head of the Department puts much importance towards the research than the teaching and learning. Therefore, there is a problem regarding priorities. Since as teachers they cannot be consumed by their personal gains but need to focus on the students as well. The priorities towards the research are a hindrance towards the holistic development of the University (Tang 2010). The Management Studies department lacks the creativity which is important is training and learning. The lack of creativity has introduced stagnation in the growth (Cummings and Worley 2014). Creativity and inventive attitude in approach ensure a good learning outcome for students. However apart from this the Department of management Studies have been a successful one. Apart from the departmental deficits, the administrational and structural deficit contributes much towards the decreasing quality of the University. The teachers need to do much of the administrational duties as well which hampers their morale as well as their importance towards students. In any organization administration plays the basic role in development. Therefore in the University the poor administrational and structural issues are not only decreasing the quality of the university but also causing a deficit in the annual financial report (Schubert and Yang 2016). Alternative Solutions: The most important solution in present times to bring up then standards and qualities of the university is to bring a holistic change in the organizational approach and most importantly in terms of the departments the change needs to be psychological. The ability of the teachers cannot be doubted and all of them are qualified enough but they must be approached to change the way they work. It is as Emily laws on and Colin Price mentions, the success of an organizational change depends on request if and approaching the hundreds and thousands of the employees to change their way of conducting their work, a transformation concerned people will accept on, y of they can be convinced and approached to change their perspective about their jobs (Psychology Today 2016). The department of Economics must be the first to be applied the organizational change. The department is facing a rapid decrease in students and revenue therefore the department will demand much time to focus on. First their high opinions about themselves needs to be changed and they must be collaborated with the d other departments of the university. At the same time experienced senior teachers must be included in the teaching program in order to bring in the suggestion of experience which the department lacks. When getting acquainted with the other departments the Economics Department must be able to give the opinion of them to the other departments at same time will be able to get new suggestions and feedbacks from them to improve the department as well. Feedback from students must be taken into account about their expectation and how they wish the department to fulfill it. The organizational change plan must be made taking these suggestions into consideration. At the same time the Management Studies department must be made creative. For that the department can be introduced to several other roams of the other universities or the department can be the host for creative programs where other universities can join. Courses can be introduced keeping in mind the creative purpose and suggestions from the other universities can be taken into account. The University being only three years old the suggestions and opinions of the much experienced universities about creativity will be helpful for the he department. New support staff must be introduced for the administrative procedures like admission, examining, timetabling etc. This would give the teacher much time to concentrate on the students as well as their research. The teachers must be approached to prioritize the students in campus than their personal research. Recommendations: First and most importantly it is recommended to create an organizational change plan keeping in focus the student feedbacks and the other departments feedbacks. The departments must collaborate and cooperate with each other. For that frequent interactions are recommended. Event and programs must be arranged for different departments where the other departments must present (Amaral, Jones and Karseth 2013). In case of the Economics department, some new and senior teachers must be incorporated in the teaching program that can lead and give opinions from their experience to improve the department, at the same time their experience will guide the junior teachers in their research program. For the management department creative courses must be introduced to teach the students to think out of convention and inspire students to be creative in their approach. Implementation: The implementation of the plans is expected to be fluid and fast. And for that all the departments must be included in the plan. The university recently has organized events and programs for individual departments were the presence of other department must be compulsory. And in the end of each event, the departments require to give their feedback and suggestion to the host department for further improvement. Thus in Management department the students will be able to learn through creativity from the accounting and Economics department both of which are fruitful and interconnected in management studies at the same time a collaboration and means of communication will get to take place. The suggestions and recommendations has helped the university much to improve (Aarons et al 2013). At the same time students are asked to give their feedbacks regarding their classroom studies and guidance provided depending on which steps have been taken to improve the classroom atmosphere. Conclusion: Therefore, to conclude it must be said that the plan for organizational change tends to change the psychological, structural and economic approach of an organization. In case of the university as well the change theory bring out changes that has in the long run been fruitful for the University and help the University in achieving their desired location as one of the reputed Universities in Australia. Reference: Aarons, G.A., Ehrhart, M.G., Farahnak, L.R. and Hurlburt, M., 2013. Leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI): A mixed-method pilot study of a leadership and organization development intervention for evidence-based practice implementation.Manuscript submitted for publication. Amaral, A., Jones, G.A. and Karseth, B. eds., 2013.Governing higher education: National perspectives on institutional governance(Vol. 2). Springer Science Business Media. Battilana, J. and Casciaro, T., 2012. Change agents, networks, and institutions: A contingency theory of organizational change.Academy of Management Journal,55(2), pp.381-398. Beetham, H. and Sharpe, R., 2013.Rethinking pedagogy for a digital age: Designing for 21st century learning. routledge. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Blackmore, J. and Sachs, J., 2012.Performing and reforming leaders: Gender, educational restructuring, and organizational change. Suny Press. Burke, W.W., 2013.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Carter, M.Z., Armenakis, A.A., Feild, H.S. and Mossholder, K.W., 2013. Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), pp.942-958. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Klewes, J. and Langen, R. eds., 2008.Change 2.0: Beyond organisational transformation. Springer Science Business Media. Oreg, S., Michel, A. and By, R.T. eds., 2013.The psychology of organizational change: Viewing change from the employees perspective. Cambridge University Press. Psychology Today. (2016).The Psychology of Organizational Change. [online] Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wired-success/201407/the-psychology-organizational-change [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Schubert, T. and Yang, G., 2016. Institutional change and the optimal size of universities.Scientometrics,108(3), pp.1129-1153. Tang, S., 2010.A general theory of institutional change. Routledge. Vakola, M., Armenakis, A. and Oreg, S., 2013. Reactions to organizational change from an individual differences perspective: A review of empirical research.The Psychology of Organizational Change: Viewing Change from the Employee's Perspective, pp.95-122.